Bulletins & News

1. Introduction Climate change has moved from the periphery of EU policymaking to the very centre of the Union’s constitutional and economic project. With the adoption of the European Climate Law, the EU committed itself to reducing net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels and to achieving climate neutrality by 2050. The “Fit for 55” legislative package is the legal engine designed to translate these headline targets into binding, sector-sp

1. Introduction Digital markets have transformed the structure of economic power within the European Union. A small number of large online platforms increasingly function as indispensable intermediaries between businesses and consumers, shaping access to markets, data flows, and innovation pathways. Traditional EU competition law, while robust, has struggled to address the speed, scale, and systemic nature of these transformations through ex post enforcement alone. The Digita

Executive Summary The reform of the European Union’s fiscal governance framework marks a pivotal moment in the evolution of Economic and Monetary Union. Following years of suspension, debate, and reassessment triggered by successive crises, the EU has moved to replace rigid numerical constraints with a more flexible, country-specific, and growth-oriented system of fiscal oversight. This Policy Bulletin analyses the rationale, structure, and implications of the reformed fiscal

1. Introduction Migration and asylum have long stood at the centre of political, legal, and constitutional debate within the European Union. Since the 2015–2016 migration crisis, the inadequacies of the existing Common European Asylum System have become increasingly apparent. Divergent national practices, disproportionate pressure on frontline Member States, and persistent concerns regarding fundamental rights compliance have undermined both solidarity and mutual trust within

1. Introduction The European Union has entered a decisive phase in the regulation of emerging technologies with the adoption of the Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act). Conceived as the world’s first comprehensive, binding legal framework dedicated specifically to artificial intelligence, the AI Act seeks to reconcile two objectives that are often in tension: fostering innovation and safeguarding fundamental rights, democracy, and the rule of law. In doing so, it reflects th

Executive Summary The European Union has positioned itself at the forefront of global artificial intelligence (AI) governance through the adoption of the Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act). This regulatory framework represents the first comprehensive attempt by a major jurisdiction to establish binding, horizontal rules governing AI systems across sectors. Framed as a risk-based regulation, the AI Act seeks to balance technological innovation with the protection of fundamen

Introduction: Identity as the Backbone of the Digital Economy In the digital age, identity is infrastructure. Access to banking, healthcare, education, public services, and online platforms increasingly depends on reliable digital identification. Yet across the EU, digital identity systems have long been fragmented, nationally siloed, and inconsistently trusted. To address this, the EU adopted the eIDAS Regulation (EU) No 910/2014, which created a framework for electronic ide

Introduction: Europe Declares War on Dirty Money Money laundering is not just a financial crime — it undermines democracy, fuels corruption, distorts markets, and finances terrorism. Over the past decade, the EU has faced repeated scandals: Danske Bank’s €200 billion laundering scheme, Swedbank and Nordea investigations, and systemic failures in several Member States to monitor banks adequately. In response, the EU launched a historic Anti-Money Laundering (AML) reform packag

Introduction: Europe’s Migration System Enters a New Era The 2015–2016 refugee crisis exposed deep structural weaknesses in the EU’s asylum and migration system. Unequal responsibility-sharing, slow procedures, secondary movements, and insufficient solidarity measures created political tension and humanitarian crises. In response, the European Commission proposed the New Pact on Migration and Asylum in 2020. After years of political negotiation, the Pact’s central legislative

Introduction: When Media Freedom Becomes a Legal Emergency Across Europe, independent journalism faces rising threats: state capture of media outlets, opaque ownership structures, political pressure on public broadcasters, and intimidation of journalists. At the same time, digital platforms have disrupted traditional business models, creating economic precarity for newsrooms. In response, the EU introduced the European Media Freedom Act (EMFA)—a landmark regulation aimed at p

Introduction: Europe Responds to the Security Crisis in Connected Devices Europe is facing a new cybersecurity reality. As billions of devices—from smart thermostats to industrial machinery—connect to the internet, vulnerabilities in software and hardware have become a systemic threat. A single insecure camera, router, or open-source component can compromise entire networks. Recognizing this, the EU has adopted the Cyber Resilience Act (CRA)—a groundbreaking regulation that e

Introduction: When Algorithms Compete — or Collude Artificial intelligence and machine learning are reshaping how businesses set prices, allocate resources, and compete. But they also raise a new and complex question: can algorithms collude? As digital markets evolve, the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Competition (DG COMP) faces challenges unimaginable when EU competition law was codified decades ago. Traditional antitrust tools—built for human decision-makers

Introduction: The Search for a Fairer Tax System In today’s global economy, large multinational corporations can shift profits across borders with unprecedented ease. The result: billions of euros in lost public revenue each year, aggressive tax competition between Member States, and declining trust in the fairness of the single market. In response, the European Union has launched a series of ambitious tax reforms designed to modernize corporate taxation, close loopholes, and

Introduction: When Algorithms Become Employers Artificial intelligence is transforming the modern workplace. From CV screening to...

Introduction: Sanctions as Europe’s Foreign Policy Weapon The European Union is often described as a “normative power” in world...

Introduction: Europe’s Industrial Policy Meets Global Competition In an era of globalization, foreign companies often receive state...

Introduction: From Sustainability Marketing to Legal Accountability Across Europe, consumers are increasingly drawn to products marketed...

Introduction: From Voluntary ESG to Binding Law Over the last decade, environmental, social, and governance (ESG) reporting has moved...

Introduction: Europe’s Monetary System Meets the Digital Age With the rise of private digital currencies, stablecoins, and crypto-assets,...

Introduction: Why Health Data Needs Its Own Legal Space The COVID-19 pandemic exposed both the power and fragility of digital health...